Pauliny, Jacob Josef, 1827-1899

1877

Br. No. 4. Dalmacija

Albrecht & Fiedler

Zagreb

Separate Map

49

62

256,000

Croatia

Bosnia and Hercegovina

Dalmatia (Croatia)

Ottoman Mapping

Dalmacija nacrtao i narisao ju J.J. Pauliny. U Becu. Nakladom : Albrechta i Fiedlera u Zagrebu. Lith. W. Schonberg.

13326.004

4

4

Schonberg, W.

Pauliny, Jacob Josef, 1827-1899

1877

Dalmacija nacrtao i narisao ju J.J. Pauliny. U Becu. Nakladom : Albrechta i Fiedlera u Zagrebu. Lith. W. Schonberg.

Chromolithographic map of Dalmatia, on 12 sheets. Title and legend from sheets 5 and 9, on sheets 49x62. Designed by Austro-Hungarian military engineer Jacob Joseph Pauliny. Extends along the Adriatic, in the north to the south. Covers parts of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Sarajevo and Serbia. Shows cities, towns, villages, administrative divisions, coastal towns, castles, churches, mosques, monasteries, post offices, rural guesthouses and mines. Also showing rivers, lakes, canals, major roads, railways and railway stations. Relief shown by shadings. Date estimated. Alex Johnson: "This colossal 12-sheet wall map showcases all of Dalmatia in spectacular detail, being the largest map of the region we have even seen (1.4 x 2.4 metres / 4.5 x 8 feet). Designed by the prominent Austro-Hungarian military engineer Jacob Josef Pauliny, and predicated on the latest official surveys, the map was chromolithographed using a most resplendent technique and issued in Zagreb by the leading publisher Albrecht & Fiedler. Its scope extends along the Adriatic, from just beyond Zadar, in the north, all the way down to Kotor (Montenegro), in the south, with the major centres of Šibenik, Split and Dubrovnik in between. In the interior, the map’s scope extends inland to include the southern two thirds of Bosnia & Herzegovina, including Sarajevo, going as far east as Čačak, Serbia. The map is predicated on the latest Austro-Hungarian government surveys, which, during this time employed amongst the most advanced scientific techniques in the world. The map’s chromolithography employs an exquisite palate of colours to represent the varied topography and heavily indented, island-strewn coastline of Dalmatia. Croatian toponymy is employed throughout the map, and its legend (lower left corner) explains the host of symbols used to identify cities, towns and villages of various sizes; regional administrative centres; as well as the locations of castles, churches, mosques, monasteries, post offices, rural guesthouses and mines. Also noted are major roads, railways and railway stations. The map also grants sophisticated information on land use, including farmland and forests, as well as various types of topographical and fluvial features. While the map is undated, its appearance in a list of newly published maps in the 1878 edition of Petermann’s Mitteilungen confirms the date of issue as 1877. Historical Context Dalmatia is a region of stunning natural beauty and cultural wealth, occupying a rugged coastal region along the Adriatic, the nexus for a variety of different cultures since ancient times. Split was famously the birthplace and frequent home of the Roman Emperor Diocletian (244–312 AD), and for centuries Dalmatia played a central role in the Pan-Mediterranean economy. From 1358 to 1808 the southern part of Dalmatia, centred on Dubrovnik, was the independent state of the Republic of Ragusa, an immensely wealthy maritime trading power, generally allied to the Ottoman Empire. Most of the rest of Dalmatia, was part of the Republic of Venice, and while also thriving on seaborne trade, had to continuously fight epic battles for survival against the Ottomans, who occupied Bosnia, the borders of which lay only short distance inland. Venice and Ragusa dominated Dalmatia until the Napoleonic Wars, when the region was taken over by Napoleon Bonaparte’s legions. It became part of the French Province of Illyria. Following the wars, at the Congress of Vienna (1815), Dalmatia, along with the rest of the Croatian lands was given to the Austrian Habsburg Empire. Under Austrian rule, Dalmatia played a critical role in the development of the Empire’s rapidly rising international maritime economic and military presence. In particular, a large percentage of the sailors in the Austrian Navy, as well as the staff of the globally prominent shipping line Austrian Lloyd (Österreichischer Lloyd, founded 1833) were Dalmatians. The present map was published in 1877, during a critical time, when Dalmatia was of particular strategic significance. Through the 19th Century, the Ottoman Empire had been progressively losing its grip upon its European possessions, and upon the Balkan Crisis (1875-6), Bosnia & Herzegovina broke into open rebellion. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8 caused whatever remained of Turkish power in the Balkans to collapse, and Austria-Hungary moved into that power vacuum. At the Congress of Berlin (1878), Austrian Hungary was awarded all of Bosnia & Herzegovina, and for the first time in its modern history, Dalmatia did not have to worry about the threat of the Ottomans attack. This ushered in a period of great prosperity for Dalmatia that was to last until World War I. Jacob Josef Pauliny: Innovative Austro-Hungarian Cartographer Jacob Josef Pauliny (1827 – 1899) was an important Austro-Hungarian cartographer, whose maps of the Balkans were especially notable. He was born into a military family in Nagyszombat, Hungary (today Trnava, Slovakia) and entered the Austrian army at a young age. While a simple infantryman, Pauliny’s exceptional talent was recognized by his commanders and, in 1846, he was assigned to train at the Militär-Mappierungs-Direktion (Military Directorate) in Prague, where he studied draftsmanship at that city’s prestigious Arts Academy. In 1850, he became a draftsman at the Topographical Department of the Militärgeographischen Instituts (Military Geographical Institute) in Vienna. He remained with the institute for the next 39 years, eventually becoming one of its directors in 1881. The Austrian army permitted its draftsman to act a ‘freelancers’ as long it did not interfere with their official work. Pauliny had access to the latest military and civilian surveys, and so was well placed to take advantage of this. After representing the Militärgeographischen Instituts at the 1855 Paris Exhibition, he became acquainted with the latest cartographic reproduction techniques and this allowed his to design maps of especially high and progressive qualities. Pauliny worked with many of the Europe’s leading map publishing houses, including Artaria, Perthes, Stieler and Sydow. In addition to his present monumental map of Dalmatia, Pauliny produced the Carta di Montenegro (1859/60); Küsten Karte d. Adriat. Meeres (c. 1860); Das Herzogthum Kärnten (ca. 1860); Knijazestvo Crnagora oder d. Fürstenthum Montenegro (1862); Specialkarte d. Eisenbahnen v. Mittel-Europa (1864); Gen-Karte d. Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein u. Lauenburg (1864); Karte d. Russ.-Türk. Grenzgebiethe in Kleinasien (1877); and his innovative Schneeberg, Rax Alpe u. Semmering (1898). Interestingly, from 1867 to 1871, Pauliny took a sabbatical from his post in Vienna. On the appointment of the Khedive of Egypt, Isma’il Pasha, he moved to Cairo and founded the Topographical-Lithographic Press Department of Egypt, which was to be run on the Austrian model. Some years later, while back in Vienna, he also made major advancements in creating nearly counterfit-proof stamps and paper currency for the Austrian crown. The present map was published by the leading Zagreb firm of Albrecht & Fiedler. Founded by Carl Albrecht in 1861, the company quickly became important lithographers and booksellers, notably serving as the official printers for Austrian Lloyd and the University of Zagreb. They also printed and sold many maps, although the present work is by far their most impressive cartographic production. Carl Albrecht maintained the firm until 1903. The present map is extremely rare. We cannot race any sales records and can locate only a single institutional example, at the British Library. References: British Library: Maps 44250.(12.); OCLC: 557015452; August Petermann (ed.), Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Band 24, (1878), p. 121. Cf. [On Pauliny:] Erich Hillbrand, ‘Pauliny, Jakob Josef’, in Neue Deutsche Biographie 20 (2001), p. 126."

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49

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Pauliny, Jacob Josef, 1827-1899